Zi Chan

Zi Chan , also know as Gongsun Qiao , was the most outstanding statesman of the in ancient China during the Spring and Autumn Period. Born in Zheng to an aristocratic family, Zi Chan was a statesman of Zheng from 544 BC until his death. Under Zi Chan, Zheng even managed to expand its territory, a difficult task for a small state surrounded by several large states. As a philosopher, Zi Chan separated the domains of heaven and the human world, arguing against superstition and believing that humans should be grounded in reality.

Zi Chan became the prime minister of Zheng and was responsible for many reforms that strengthened the state of Zheng. A , Zi Chan was heavily involved in all aspects of the state, reforming agricultural and commercial laws, setting the borders, centralizing the state, ensuring the hiring of capable ministers, and changing social norms. Zi Chan once prevented other ministers from executing a man for criticizing the government, arguing that it was in the best interests of the state to listen to the opinions of the common people.

Zi Chan reformed the government to emphasize the rule of law. In 543 BC, he had the state's code of law cast in bronze , a first among the states. He also enacted harsh punishments for criminals. Because of his focus on laws, historians often classify him as a .

Zi Chan was also highly skilled in state-to-state politics. When tried to interfere in Zheng's internal affairs after the death of a Zheng minister, Zi Chan was well aware of the danger, arguing that if Jin was allowed to determine the successor of the deceased minister in the state of Zheng, Zheng would then have lost its sovereignty to Jin. He then proceeded to convince Jin not to interfere in Zheng's internal politics.